How Fire Spreads in Buildings
Fire spreads through four main methods.
Conduction occurs when heat transfers through solid materials, such as beams and pipes, igniting areas far from
the flames.
Convection happens when hot gases rise, carrying fire and smoke through stairwells, lift shafts, and upper floors.
Radiation involves intense heat radiating from flames and igniting materials metres away without direct contact.
Finally, direct flame contact spreads the fire from one object or area to another.
Common Pathways for Fire Spread
In buildings, gaps around pipes, ducts, and cables (if not fire-stopped) can provide channels for fire and smoke.
Damaged or poorly maintained fire doors also compromise safety, as do flammable materials stored near heat sources.
Open-plan spaces, atriums, and unprotected stairwells can all accelerate fire spread if not properly designed or managed.